can collagen peptides cause migraines

Using a double-blind, independent group's design, 24 recreationally active males consumed either 20 g day-1 of CP or a placebo control (CON) for 7 days before and 2 days after performing 150 drop jumps. Alcock RD, Shaw GC, Tee N, Welvaert M, Burke LM. 2022 Aug 4;14(8):e27666. Some peptides are antimicrobial, meaning they can kill View abstract. Lopez HL, Ziegenfuss TN, Park J. Lim, S. H., Sun, Y., Thiruvallur Madanagopal, T., Rosa, V., & Kang, L. (2018). J Agric Food Chem. Praet SFE, Purdam CR, Welvaert M, et al. Effects of collagen peptides on recovery following eccentric exercise in resistance-trained males-A pilot study. Enhanced Skin Permeation of Anti-wrinkle Peptides via Molecular Modification. Others may experience constipation when they begin to integrate collagen peptides into their supplement regime, while others notice a reduction in appetite. 2023 Feb;13(2):523-534. doi: 10.1007/s13555-022-00859-y. Speak with a, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Bird Flu Deaths Prompt U.S. to Test Vaccine in Poultry, COVID Treatment in Development Appears Promising, Marriage May Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check, Getting Outdoors Might Help You Take Fewer Meds, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, Getting Help for a Loved One With Psychosis: It's Complicated, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Osteoarthritis. Disclaimer. 2009 Jun;18(6):789-803. doi: 10.1517/13543780902913792. Clifford T, Bell O, West DJ, Howatson G, Stevenson EJ. WebCollagen is a nutritional supplement made from animal or fish materials. Oral Supplementation of Specific Collagen Peptides Combined with Calf-Strengthening Exercises Enhances Function and Reduces Pain in Achilles Tendinopathy Patients. Collagen peptides powder may also cause headaches, dizziness, or lightheadedness in some users. 2020;72(3):125-130. 2014;39(8):874-80. Proksch E, Schunck M, Zague V, Segger D, Degwert J, Oesser S. Oral intake of specific bioactive collagen peptides reduces skin wrinkles and increases dermal matrix synthesis. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. These types of ingredients and additives found in supplements can also be a reason why someone gets a headache versus the collagen molecules themselves., Next, looking at the absorption rate can help you avoid other side effects like bloating or an upset stomach. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. There are some reports that collagen supplements may cause other digestive side effects, such as heartburn and feelings of fullness ( 21 ). 2020;7:580918. We currently have no information for COLLAGEN PEPTIDES overview. Testing the Role of Glutamate NMDA Receptors in Peripheral Trigeminal Nociception Implicated in Migraine Pain. Although some experts believe that peptide skin creams or moisturizers are not able to be absorbed fully via the skin, instead recommending oral supplements, some research has nonetheless shown them to have positive effects on skin health. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Accessibility Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. FOIA 2020:1-8. Headache; Diarrhea. View abstract. Would you like email updates of new search results? Moskowitz RW. View abstract. But does collagen have any side effects, and can collagen cause headaches?. Also, as with any supplement, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not evaluate any claims that a company makes on how well their collagen product works. Effects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on skin aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Though this study is promising, more research is necessary to fully determine the positive effects that collagen may have on muscle growth. View abstract. 2022 Oct 11;8(1):126. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00522-y. Rahimi MD, Hassani P, Kheirkhah MT, Fadardi JS. View abstract. Effect of collagen hydrolysate in articular pain: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Other supplements like magnesium may also have a similar effect to too much calcium., Most collagen users benefit from the additional boost in calcium absorption as it can improve bone density among other things. Argyrou C, Karlafti E, Lampropoulou-Adamidou K, et al. WebCollagen type II (native) is a protein that is part of the cartilage, bone, and other types of connective tissues in animals and humans. The effects of beetroot juice supplementation on indices of muscle damage following eccentric exercise. The effect of oral collagen peptide supplementation on skin moisture and the dermal collagen network: evidence from an ex vivo model and randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. One study found that An official website of the United States government. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. Collagen is a type of structural protein in the body. The question that often arises in the minds of people before consuming it is, Can collagen cause diarrhea? The answer to this The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). A person can also use collagen supplements while following a keto diet plan. Oliviero F, Ramonda R, Hoxha A, et al. The .gov means its official. Zdzieblik D, Oesser S, Baumstark MW, Gollhofer A, Knig D. Collagen peptide supplementation in combination with resistance training improves body composition and increases muscle strength in elderly sarcopenic men: a randomised controlled trial. Ranchordas MK, Rogerson D, Soltani H, Costello JT. People can consume collagen supplements they purchase from a number of online and local stores, and they can usually find a type that matches their specific dietary needs. 2006;19(2):92-6. These preclinical and clinical observations argue for a strong link between migraine and the glutamatergic system, a link that is important to further characterize in an effort to better understand migraine mechanisms and deliver effective therapies. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Creams have the advantage of providing extra hydration, making them particularly suitable for dry, wrinkled, or aging skin, and they pose even fewer risks than the already rare potential side effects of oral supplements. Shigemura Y, Iwasaki Y, Tateno M, et al. Ito N, Seki S, Ueda F. Effects of Composite Supplement Containing Collagen Peptide and Ornithine on Skin Conditions and Plasma IGF-1 Levels-A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. 2021;20(3):825-834. Collagen Facility offers easy-to-digest hydrolyzed collagen peptides. In general, the side effects of collagen supplements are mild and can include: Otherwise, in most adults, taking collagen supplements should not pose any significant health risks. Bauza E, Oberto G, Berghi A, Dal CF, Domloge N. Collagen-like peptide exhibits a remarkable antiwrinkle effect on the skin when topically applied: in vivo study. Guadanhim LRS, Miot HA, Soares JLM, Silva SAM, Leonardi GR, Lopes RD, Bagatin E. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). Sangsuwan W, Asawanonda P. Four-weeks daily intake of oral collagen hydrolysate results in improved skin elasticity, especially in sun-exposed areas: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Sci Food Agric. Most collagen supplements go through the process of hydrolyzation. The two most commonly proposed benefits of collagen peptides are improved skin health and reduced joint pain. Its important, in such cases, not to over-consume collagen peptides or take them right before sleeping. Tajti J, Szok D, Nagy-Grocz G, Tuka B, Petrovics-Balog A, Toldi J, Vecsei L. Curr Med Chem. Nutrients. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? We include products we think are useful for our readers. Nutrients 2018;10(10). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). However, the likelihood of a headache due to collagen may be minimal in comparison to the many benefits of collagen., When looking for a collagen supplement, check the ingredient label and see what the absorption rate is. An official website of the United States government. View abstract. 2019;29(5):461-465. 2022 Nov 25;14(23):5027. doi: 10.3390/nu14235027. MeSH Cardiovascular health: Insomnia linked to greater risk of heart attack. A randomized double blind clinical pilot trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of hydrolyzed collagen type II in adults with osteoarthritis. It's found in our tendons, ligaments, skin, muscles, bones, and blood vesselsand it plays a vital role in maintaining our overall structural integrity. Pressure ulcer healing with a concentrated, fortified, collagen protein hydrolysate supplement: a randomized controlled trial. View abstract. Collagen vs. biotin for the skin and hair, What to know about L-tryptophan supplements, The best collagen supplements: How to choose, a general feeling of heaviness in the stomach. Select a condition to view a list of vitamins. 2019;29(5):526-531. 2004;26(3-4):105-11. 2012;7:267-273. Knig D, Oesser S, Scharla S, Zdzieblik D, Gollhofer A. 2020;46(1):156-163. Collagen peptides are used as a bioactive ingredient in nutricosmetic products and have been shown in preclinical studies to improve skin barrier function, to induce the synthesis of collagen and hyaluronic acid, and to promote fibroblast growth and migration. Epub 2019 Aug 14. Collagen peptides are popular supplements made from the bones, skin and connective tissue of animals and they have been shown to improve gut While they're way gentler than retinoids are, they can still cause a rash. View abstract. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Treatment with marine collagen peptides modulates glucose and lipid metabolism in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. When applied topically or ingested, products containing collagen peptides signal to your body that it needs to produce more collagen. However, it is View abstract. Most people can take collagen supplements without The effects of collagen peptides on muscle damage, inflammation and bone turnover following exercise: a randomized, controlled trial. A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy and safety of a food ingredient, collagen hydrolysate, for improving joint comfort. Antioxidants for preventing and reducing muscle soreness after exercise. A controlled trial to determine the efficacy of red and near-infrared light treatment in patient satisfaction, reduction of fine lines, wrinkles, skin roughness, and intradermal collagen density increase. Zehra A, Burns J, Liu CK, et al. However, these claims do not have backing by scientific research. Most collagen users do not experience any adverse effects when taking a high-quality collagen supplement at the proper dosage. The following are the most common types of collagen a person can find in stores or online: Most supplements will contain several of these, and possibly other, types of collagen. At the end of this period, those who took the collagen supplements showed an increase in muscle mass and strength that was significantly more pronounced than in those taking the placebo pill. Zdzieblik D, Brame J, Oesser S, Gollhofer A, Knig D. The Influence of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides on Knee Joint Discomfort in Young Physically Active Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 2022 Dec;52(12):2889-2908. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01718-8. Cureus. View abstract. CMJ height recovered quicker with CP than CON at 48 h (P = 0.050; CP 89.96 12.85 vs. CON 78.67 14.41% of baseline values; ES = 0.55). View abstract. Collagen powder can sometimes have a bad taste but can be blended into a smoothie, while pills have the benefit of being tasteless but are generally large in size. Nutrients 2021;13(7):2454. Glutamate receptor-subtype antagonists are effective in preclinical models of migraine, and in the clinic. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help FASEB Experimental Biology 2004 Abstracts, Washington DC, April 17-21, 2004; A90. That being said, we want to point out that these side effects are not common. As a person ages and collagen production slows, bones can become weaker as the person loses the collagen necessary to keep the bones strong and supported. However, it might also help promote other areas of health, such as bone, joint, and heart health. It's possible to be sensitive or allergic to certain collagen In one scoop of peptide powder, you typically get 10 grams of protein and 40 calories, which is not a bad trade-off. When taken by mouth, collagen peptides seem to build up in the skin and cartilage. When choosing your collagen peptides supplement, be sure its manufacturer hasnt been called out by the FDA. Licensed Natural Health Products Database. Hakuta A, Yamaguchi Y, Okawa T, Yamamoto S, Sakai Y, Aihara M. Anti-inflammatory effect of collagen tripeptide in atopic dermatitis. The participants study took 15 grams (g) of collagen or a placebo pill per day. FOIA Here are the 10 Best Fruits That Will Make You Poop better. If youre in a state of chronic migraine or get attacks often, I recommend avoiding collagen peptides unless its prescribed by your physician. When it comes to skin care, collagen peptides are most often used to improve skin smoothness, firmness and moisture. Heart failure: Could a low sodium diet sometimes do more harm than good? OTHER NAME(S): Collagen Hydrolysate, Collagen Peptidesi, Collagn, Collagen peptides have most often been used by adults in doses of 2.5-10 grams daily for up to 6 months. Effect of an oral preparation containing hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, hydrolyzed collagen type II and hydrolyzed keratin on synovial fluid features and clinical indices in knee osteoarthritis. Additionally, collagen contains various animal proteins, which can cause allergic reactions in some people. In rare cases, a peptide allergy can occur. Effect of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation With and Without Collagen Peptides on Volumetric and Areal Bone Mineral Density, Bone Geometry and Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Women With Osteopenia. Disease- and headache-specific microRNA signatures and their predicted mRNA targets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in migraineurs: role of inflammatory signalling and oxidative stress. Mar Drugs. There were no statistically significant effects for the other dependent variables (P > 0.05). Topical application and oral supplementation of peptides in the improvement of skin viscoelasticity and density. In studies, collagen peptide supplements have been shown to support skin elasticity 5 and overall hydration 6 . One thing that you can look for is a medical grade collagen supplement like ProT Gold., It is still a possibility that you may experience some side effects with any collagen supplement. Another similar study in the journal Skin Pharmacology and Physiology looked at the effects of collagen supplements on womens skin. As with any supplement, collagen supplements do have some potential side effects, especially when taken in excess. Molecules 2021;26(7):2021. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 8600 Rockville Pike Are they suitable for vegans and vegetarians? Int Orthop. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body. Also of note, too much copper intake can make you nauseous and give you gastrointestinal issues. The best vitamins for skin include vitamins C, D, and E. People can get many of these vitamins from their diet or by taking supplements. The effect of oral collagen peptide supplementation on skin moisture and the dermal collagen network: evidence from an ex vivo model and randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. De Luca C, Mikhal'chik EV, Suprun MV, et al. View abstract. FOIA J Med Food. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009789.pub2. This study examined whether consuming collagen peptides (CP) before and after strenuous exercise alters markers of muscle damage, inflammation and bone turnover. View abstract. Skin rashes. View abstract. View abstract. Collagen supplements have the potential to cause both headaches and migraines., According to a few case studies on using collagen to treat osteoarthritis, when participants were using the collagen supplement, they did report a lower pain level in their joints but among the most commonly reported side effects was a headache from time to time.. 2023 Copyright Derm Collective. Main benefits: Provides moisture to the skin and scalp, strengthens the hair follicle, accelerates healing, and nourishes the hair bulb. Sugihara F, Inoue N, Venkateswarathirukumara S. Ingestion of bioactive collagen hydrolysates enhanced pressure ulcer healing in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. 2016;2016:4389410. In a small study of 30 participants, half took 16 g of collagen tripeptide for 6 months. 2009;60 Suppl 2:99-113. WebGlutamate is implicated in cortical spreading depression, trigeminovascular activation, and central sensitization. eCollection 2022 Aug. Methods: 2019 Jan;98(3):e14099. View abstract. Molecules 2021;26(16):4880. 2012 Jun;20(3):124-30. Curr Med Res Opin. Epub 2017 Apr 21. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! However, it is important to understand what collagen and biotin are and what research is available to support these claims. Some other known benefits of collagen peptides include: Consuming collagen peptides are good for you insofar as they may offer a variety of health benefits, from improving joint health to improving your skin. 2015;114(8):1237-45. Having, high levels of calcium in your blood is also known as hypercalcemia, and seems to be more predominantly an issue in women., Whether collagen can cause headaches or not is a great question to be asking, especially when trying to decide which supplements are right for you and your body. If you have allergies, make sure to purchase supplements that arent made from collagen sources youre sensitive to. 2018 Dec 28;7(1):5. doi: 10.3390/sports7010005. Would you like email updates of new search results? Collagen peptides (also known as hydrolyzed collagen) are a shorter, broken down version of collagen that is more easily absorbed by your body than regular collagen supplements, and thus more effective. Effect of the novel low molecular weight hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract, BioCell Collagen, on improving osteoarthritis-related symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Bone turnover; Collagen; Exercise recovery; Hydrolyzed collagen; Inflammation; Muscle soreness. View abstract. However, more research is necessary to prove the effects of collagen in supporting heart health. Maia Campos PMBG, Melo MO, Siqueira Csar FC. Side effects vary depending on which type of collagen supplement you take, but they are generally minor overall. Dietary supplements do not improve bone morphology or mechanical properties in young female C57BL/6 mice. Tak YJ, Kim YJ, Lee JG, et al. Can help clear breakouts. Part of this simply has to do with your individual body and the interactions it has with certain ingredients and substances., How much collagen you take, when you take it, and the combination of other genetic factors or medications you take can also influence the severity of the side effects you may experience when taking a collagen supplement., Through general anecdotal evidence, it does seem like collagen users often struggle with side effects, like headaches or bloating, when taking collagen supplements on a daily basis and when taking collagen in the whole form (i.e., bone broth)., Some of the most commonly reportedcollagen side effects may include:. Zdzieblik D, Jendricke P, Oesser S, Gollhofer A, Knig D. The Influence of Specific Bioactive Collagen Peptides on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Middle-Aged, Untrained Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Genetic Variants within NOGGIN, COL1A1, COL5A1, and IGF2 are Associated with Musculoskeletal Injuries in Elite Male Australian Football League Players: A Preliminary Study. Although collagen peptide supplements are typically considered safe, and there are not many known risks, many supplements are made from potential food allergens such as fish, shellfish and eggs, so its best to avoid these products if you are prone to such allergic reactions. Lis DM, Jordan M, Lipuma T, Smith T, Schaal K, Baar K. Collagen and Vitamin C Supplementation Increases Lower Limb Rate of Force Development. However, the likelihood of a headache due to collagen may be minimal in comparison to the many, , like ProT Gold, are easier to digest because the molecules are smaller and easier for your body to break down., Bariatric Surgery Recovery Time: What To Expect & When You Can Get Back to Work, 35 Bariatric-Friendly Snacks To Eat After Surgery, The Pre Gastric Bypass Diet: What To Eat and Drink, How To Shorten Gastric Bypass Recovery Time: 7 Simple Tips. Siahaan EA, Agusman, Pangestuti R, Shin KH, Kim SK. 2018;10(1). Collagen peptide supplements usually come in the form of either powders or pills and are generally considered equally safe and effective for skin care purposes. Peptides can help ease inflammation, repair damaged skin, and even out skin tone. Collagen has become so popular in recent years because of its incredible benefits. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. 2010;35(6):797-804. National Library of Medicine Collagen side effects may, for instance, be a result of excessive collagen intake. As well, since the FDA considers collagen a dietary supplement, the safety and effectiveness of collagen peptide supplements are also unregulated. Cneo F, Costa-Paiva L, Pinto-Neto AM, Morais SS, Amaya-Farfan J. WebBut can collagen cause headaches? What we can do however, is hydrolyze the collagen, which means its broken down into much smaller sized pieces ( peptides) by water, making it usable by your body. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Collagen peptide supplements can however lead to dermatological, digestive side, and other side effects, particularly in products with poorly sourced ingredients. The animal ingredients commonly found in collagen peptide supplements can be extraordinarily high in calcium, which, in come cases can lead to hypercalcemia. J Med Food. and transmitted securely. Int J Tissue React. Side Effects of Copper Peptides Overuse of copper peptides in any form of skincare can be bad, but your best line of defense is just not ingesting them. Evans M, Lewis ED, Zakaria N, Pelipyagina T, Guthrie N. A randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study to evaluate the efficacy of a freshwater marine collagen on skin wrinkles and elasticity. The ingredients list is going to be very telling when looking at any supplement., Consider if there are several additives or unnatural ingredients. 2018 Mar;78(4):411-437. doi: 10.1007/s40265-018-0865-y. In conclusion, CP had moderate benefits for the recovery of CMJ and muscle soreness but had no influence on inflammation and bone collagen synthesis. View abstract. Our aim was to investigate the effect of oral supplementation with specific collagen peptides on skin hydration and the dermal collagen network in a clinical setting. Bone mineral density is key to preventing bone fractures. Having high levels of calcium in your blood is also known as hypercalcemia and seems to be more predominantly an issue in women., Too much calcium can also cause some skin rashes and other symptoms overlapping with side effects with collagen., One way to determine if calcium is the cause of your headaches or if taking a collagen supplement is raising your blood calcium levels is to get a blood test for calcium. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction. Oral collagen supplementation for skin aging: A fad or the future? Health Canada. Theres currently 80 approved peptide drugs worldwide. https://webprod5.hc-sc.gc.ca/lnhpd-bdpsnh/info.do?licence=80034311&lang=eng. Similar to vegan options, a person may want to look for a collagen supplement that specifically aims to support the keto diet. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. WebAutoimmune diseases (your bodys immune system attacks its own tissue) can damage collagen. Trc T, Bohmov J. Efficacy and tolerance of enzymatic hydrolysed collagen (EHC) vs. glucosamine sulphate (GS) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). "The riskiest side effects of any treatment are usually allergic 2019 Mar 4. The review also showed that it helped reduce joint pain. Mar Drugs. Koizumi S, Inoue N, Sugihara F, Igase M. Effects of collagen hydrolysates on human brain structure and cognitive function: A pilot clinical study. Oral Intake of Enzymatically Decomposed AP Collagen Peptides Improves Skin Moisture and Ceramide and Natural Moisturizing Factor Contents in the Stratum Corneum. We do not provide medical diagnosis, advice, or treatments. The role of glutamate and its receptors in migraine. doi: 10.1002/brb3.2820. Be sure to choose a collagen peptide product that best suits your needs and goals. However, its important to ensure you do not have allergies or sensitivities to collagen and that you select a quality product in order to avoid unnecessary side effects. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. WebAutoimmune diseases (your bodys immune system attacks its own tissue) can damage collagen. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019;18(6):1693-1699. Careers. anti-aging; collagen peptides; fragmentation; glycosaminoglycan; hyaluronic acid; reflectance confocal microscopy. These symptoms are usually mild and resolve on their own. 2014;27(3):113-9. View abstract. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. As always, if you have any concerns or Nutr Res 2018;57:97-108.View abstract. Migraine pain-relay centers, including the trigeminal ganglion, trigeminal nucleus caudalis, and thalamus, contain glutamate-positive neurons, and glutamate activates the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. View abstract. doi: 10.1042/BSR20181347. Unfortunately, experts say that the research supporting all of these claims is limited. Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, dermatomyositis and scleroderma are autoimmune, connective tissue diseases known to damage collagen. Kim DU, Chung HC, Choi J, Sakai Y, Lee BY. This group saw a significant reduction in artery stiffness and a reduction in their low-density lipoprotein, or bad, cholesterol levels. Epub 2020 Nov 12. and transmitted securely. View abstract. When following the proper dosage with a high-quality liquid collagen, though, you are less likely to experience adverse side effects., Whether collagen can cause headaches or not is a great question to be asking, especially when trying to decide which supplements are right for you and your body. For example, in a study in the Journal of Medical Nutrition and Nutraceuticals, several women drank a mixture containing various vitamins, minerals, hydrolyzed collagen, and hyaluronic acid. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. View abstract. Marine collagen supplements. It also plays a role in joint and bone health. The Bone Biomarker Response to an Acute Bout of Exercise: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. View abstract. However, such claims do not yet have scientific evidence to support them. So, these additional things are more often associated with certain side effects like an upset stomach.

Vertical Menu And Submenu In Html Examples, Bishop High School Staff, Mark Crawford Obituary, Hyland's Earache Drops Recall, Arizona Lockdown Status Today, Articles C