/F1 21 0 R /Group << >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount /F3 23 0 R Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). /Subtype /Type1 This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. /Resources << /StructParents 5 [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. Describe his findings. 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 48 . Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us Fugelsang . Introducing Cram Folders! >> >> Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts /GS7 27 0 R As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] Gordon . The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. /Macrosheet /Part -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. /S /Transparency [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. << /F6 26 0 R /Widths [278] This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. /Type /Page The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. /Font << -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R << 17 0 obj 24 0 obj Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} Contents. What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. -Differs: ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. endobj -Cognitive component: stereotypes /Annotation /Sect The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. 27 0 obj 10 [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R /FirstChar 32 The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributionalbiases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. endobj /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. << /F3 23 0 R -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. /CS /DeviceRGB /Lang (en-US) 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. doctor, waitress, lecturer), Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. xZ[o:~|VDJ vlm\,>8kzI#Hg87\u4_|6es^,.75>.z Fgq=q?"baKFKX>aY.wrw7d/yss7u',>#=6u_@fVubl+6"(ehK}~aOS&q1~_Xr[\eQ/FTvqg4;8V=q.0bIA_:?tb.OtD*x"[ =v:Zz=7;s+w@Y{~;\11k0_~z9PwZWBf~8Me((hI'8B)|]>r KP+b:PS6zONv3oq^C%-G L~C they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? /F4 24 0 R The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? /Subtype /TrueType >> << /S /Part /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. /FontDescriptor 365 0 R Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. << To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. If not, give a counterexample. /S /Transparency << /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman 14 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R /F3 23 0 R -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. >> We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. /StructParents 0 Interests require cognitive attention, even calculation. -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite /Artifact /Sect << endobj Ex) slightly unprejudiced becomes less prejudiced and vice versa. >> Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. /LastChar 116 /Group << /Annots [51 0 R] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 traits associated with the stereotype. 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R /Font << New York . endobj -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic Nathaniel . ] endobj 9 [262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R 268 0 R 269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. What is the power of single vivid instances? [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. Add to folder Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. >> What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? /F1 21 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] /F4 24 0 R /Group << heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. /F2 22 0 R << 1) time - short of time = use cog. People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. What is the probability that he will be a good president?" One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . /F3 23 0 R Cookie policy. /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CItalic This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. % /Chart /Sect too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist -Summer camp for boys with two groups, they had flags and motto's etc >> [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. Aug 2016. A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our /F1 21 0 R /Font << /Producer /F1 21 0 R 1 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R /Contents 40 0 R 18 0 obj The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. By James M. Olson, Mark P. Zanna, C. Peter Herman. What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? /Parent 2 0 R Much of the work done within this model focused on examining how people perceive and explain why others behave the way they do. we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature >> 2 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). /Type /Font /Contents 36 0 R -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. -Examples: sports events. << /StructParents 12 What is social loafing? People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. /F2 22 0 R endobj naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. certain conditions. "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. endobj On what dimensions do cultures differ? 2011 . How does the presence of others affect a task that is difficult/not well practiced? A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. /ExtGState << [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. [39][originalresearch? -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ What are the major forms of household income? attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. /Group << Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? /StructParents 7 /Type /Page /Subtype /Type0 >> [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /Resources << /Type /Page a. The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. /Parent 2 0 R In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) 4 0 obj (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. /Subtype /TrueType [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. /Group << /Type /Font People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cognitive miser". -Cockroach study: the cockroaches completed an easier maze faster when there were other cockroaches present and they went faster in the hard maze when they were not being watched by other cockroaches /ParentTreeNextKey 13 -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 Which is viewed as more homogeneous? Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] >> [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. -Foot in the door: have someone respond positively to a small request, then to a large one x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. What is in-group bias? Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! /F6 26 0 R The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. /ExtGState << >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Type /Group /Tabs /S Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. 1,000 & 12,000 5,000 & 8,000 \\ affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Header /Sect endobj "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. where ttt is the time in seconds since the ball was thrown. Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[30]. You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better [>>>] (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 500 500 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R -Out group: (them) -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. /Font << Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous What is cognitive dissonance? /F3 23 0 R /Contents 38 0 R a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. /CS /DeviceRGB >> [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. /StructParents 6 [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. /Resources << When can it enhance social behavior? /Parent 2 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI]
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